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Global production, whereby firms outsource parts of the labour process to other companies and create long subcontracting chains across national borders, has challenged the capacity of national labour laws to regulate the terms and conditions of labour. Multi-national corporations (MNCs), primarily located in the Global North and higher income countries in the Global South, are key actors in these chains, and they have the power to shape the environment in which they act. Faced with labour abuse and human rights violations in their chains, MNCs have voluntarily adopted an array of initiatives, such as supplier codes of conduct, certification schemes and social auditing to address violations of labour rights in their supply chains. These initiatives are known as corporate social responsibility (CSR) measures.